References

There should be links in most blog posts or pages on this site to representative helpful studies, news articles and resources. This is by no means a comprehensive list, and I’m sure I have left some off. However, I will try to keep a running list of studies I cite elsewhere if it will be helpful for those interested in a few selected medical references about clean air and health. I will also include links to expert thoughts/analysis on various topics.

Tobacco, E-cigs & Vaping

Berman M, Crane R, Seiber E, Munur M. Estimating the cost of a smoking employee. Tob Control. 2014;23(5):428-433. doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2012-050888

Calfee CS, Matthay MA, Kangelaris KN, et al. Cigarette Smoke Exposure and the Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. Crit Care Med. 2015;43(9):1790‐1797.

Campaign for Tobacco Free Kids– fact sheet and references on marketing to black community

Clapp PW, Lavrich KS, van Heusden CA, Lazarowski ER, Carson JL, Jaspers I. Cinnamaldehyde in flavored e-cigarette liquids temporarily suppresses bronchial epithelial cell ciliary motility by dysregulation of mitochondrial function. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2019 Mar 1;316(3):L470-L486.

Cost-benefit analysis of tobacco taxes in Mexico: most recent update, similar studies in tobacco control literature previously as well

FDA.gov. “The Real Cost E-cigarette Prevention Campaign.” Jan 2023.

Hickman E, Payton A, Duffney P, Wells H, Ceppe AS, Brocke S, Bailey A, Rebuli ME, Robinette C, Ring B, Rager JE, Alexis NE, Jaspers I. Biomarkers of Airway Immune Homeostasis Differ Significantly with Generation of E-Cigarettes. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2022 Nov 15;206(10):1248-1258

Hosmer et al. An Unexpected Consequence of Electronic Cigarette Use. VOLUME 141, ISSUE 4, P1110-1113, APRIL 01, 2012

Jabba SV, Erythropel HC, Torres DG, Delgado LA, Woodrow JG, Anastas PT, Zimmerman JB, Jordt SE. Synthetic Cooling Agents in US-marketed E-cigarette Refill Liquids and Popular Disposable E-cigarettes: Chemical Analysis and Risk Assessment. Nicotine Tob Res. 2022 Jun 15;24(7):1037-1046.

Leventhal AM, Tackett AP, Whitted L, Jordt SE, Jabba SV. Ice flavours and non-menthol synthetic cooling agents in e-cigarette products: a review. Tob Control. 2022 Apr 28

Mehra et al. Cardiovascular Disease, Drug Therapy and Mortality in COVID19. NEJM. May 2020.

Glantz- Industry e-cig study concerns UCSF Tobacco

Rebuli ME, Rose JJ, Noël A, Croft DP, Benowitz NL, Cohen AH, Goniewicz ML, Larsen BT, Leigh N, McGraw MD, Melzer AC, Penn AL, Rahman I, Upson D, Crotty Alexander LE, Ewart G, Jaspers I, Jordt SE, Kligerman S, Loughlin CE, McConnell R, Neptune ER, Nguyen TB, Pinkerton KE, Witek TJ Jr. The E-cigarette or Vaping Product Use-Associated Lung Injury Epidemic: Pathogenesis, Management, and Future Directions: An Official American Thoracic Society Workshop Report. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2023 Jan;20(1):1-17.

Roengrudee Patanavanich, MD, LLM, PhD, Stanton A Glantz, PhD, Smoking Is Associated With COVID-19 Progression: A Meta-analysis, Nicotine & Tobacco Research. May 2020.

Tobacco Education Clearing House of California

Tobacco Control Policy Tool– https://tobaccopolicyeffects.org/ – website with tool that lets you input various policy proposals to see effects on prevalence and lives and years of life saved

Truth Initiative. Flavors. June 2021.

Washington Post menthol vape and tobacco article- more general information on history of menthol, source of ad images above

Traffic Related Air Pollution/Particulate Matter/Air Toxics

Adar et al. Adopting Clean Fuels and Technologies on School Buses. Pollution and Health Impacts in Children. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2015 Jun 15; 191(12): 1413–1421.

Austin W, Heutel G, Kreisman D. School bus emissions, student health and academic performance. Econ Educ Rev. 2019. 70: 109-126.

Beatty TKM, Shimshack JP. School buses, diesel emissions, and respiratory health. J Health Econ. 2011. 30: 987-999

Belanger K, Gent JF, Triche EW, Bracken MB, Leaderer BP. Association of indoor nitrogen dioxide exposure with respiratory symptoms in children with asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2006;173(3):297-303. doi:10.1164/rccm.200408-1123OC

Benefits and Cost of the Clean Air Act 1997-1990- Retrospective Study

Becerra T, Wilhelm W, Olsen J, Cockburn M, Ritz B. Ambient Air Pollution and Autism Risk in Los Angeles County, California. Environ Health Perspect. 2013 Mar;121(3):380-6

Costanza R, Kubiszewski I, Ervin D, et al. Valuing ecological systems and services. F1000 Biol Rep. 2011;3:14.

DEQ Diesel Emissions inventory, Portland OR

Di et al. “Air Pollution and Mortality in the Medicare Population” NEJM 2017- study of Medicare beneficiaries where mortality trends continue below “safe” levels

EPA- Environmental Benefits Mapping and Analysis Program – Community Edition (BenMAP-CE)

EPA. “Ground Level Ozone Basics.” June 14 2022. Accessed December 2022.

Fann NL, Nolte CG, Sarofim MC, Martinich J, Nassikas NJ. Associations Between Simulated Future Changes in Climate, Air Quality, and Human Health. JAMA Netw Open. 2021 Jan 4;4(1)

Gall and George et al. Indoor and outdoor air quality at Harriet Tubman Middle School and the design of mitigation measures: Phase I report. 2018.

Gauderman et al. “The effect of air pollution on lung development from 10 to 18 years of age.” NEJM 2004; 351: 1057 -1067

Bicycle lane study– George et al- evaluating benefit of “cycle track” bicycle lane design in decreasing PM exposure as well sound barrier effects

For more of Dr. George’s published work

Ghosh JK, Wilhelm M, Ritz B. Effects of residential indoor air quality and household ventilation on preterm birth and term low birth weight in Los Angeles County, California. Am J Public Health. 2013 Apr;103(4):686-94

Janssen et al. “Health Effects of Black Carbon.” World Health Organization. 2012.

Jung J, Park JY, Kim YC, et al. Long-Term Effects of Air Pollutants on Mortality Risk in Patients with End-Stage Renal Disease. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(2):546. Published 2020 Jan 15. doi:10.3390/ijerph17020546

Lamichhane, Dirga Kumar et al. “A meta-analysis of exposure to particulate matter and adverse birth outcomes.” Environmental Health and Toxicology 2015

Keet et al. Long-Term Coarse Particulate Matter Exposure Is Associated with Asthma among Children in Medicaid.” AJRCCM. Volume 197, Issue 6. Nov 2017.

Khreis et al. Exposure to traffic-related air pollution and risk of development of childhood asthma: A systemic review and meta-analysis. Environment International. Sep 2017. 100. Pp 1-31.

Kulkarni et al. “Carbon in Airway Macrophages and Lung Function in Children.” N Engl J Med 2006; 355:21-30

Lemke LD, Lamerato LE, Xu X, et al. Geospatial relationships of air pollution and acute asthma events across the Detroit-Windsor international border: study design and preliminary results. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol. 2014;24(4):346-357. doi:10.1038/jes.2013.78

Lamichhane, Dirga Kumar et al. “A meta-analysis of exposure to particulate matter and adverse birth outcomes.” Environmental Health and Toxicology 2015

Myllyvirta, Lauri et al. “Quantifying the Economic Costs of Air Pollution from Fossil Fuels.” Center for Research on Energy and Clean Air. February 2020.

Nassikas NJ, Spangler K, Wellenius GA. Asthma Exacerbations Attributable to Ozone Air Pollution in New England. R I Med J (2013). 2021 Nov 1;104(9):20-23.

Nassikas N, Spangler K, Fann N, Nolte CG, Dolwick P, Spero TL, Sheffield P, Wellenius GA. Ozone-related asthma emergency department visits in the US in a warming climate. Environ Res. 2020 Apr;183

Orellano P, Quaranta N, Reynoso J, Balbi B, Vasquez J. Effect of outdoor air pollution on asthma exacerbations in children and adults: Systematic review and multilevel meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2017;12(3):e0174050. Published 2017 Mar 20.

Pilotto LS, Nitschke M, Smith BJ, Pisaniello D, Ruffin RE, McElroy HJ, Martin J, Hiller JE. Randomized controlled trial of unflued gas heater replacement on respiratory health of asthmatic schoolchildren. Int J Epidemiol. 2004 Feb;33(1):208-14. doi: 10.1093/ije/dyh018. PMID: 15075170.

Rao M, George LA, Shandas V, Rosenstiel TN. Assessing the Potential of Land Use Modification to Mitigate Ambient NO₂ and Its Consequences for Respiratory Health. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2017;14(7):750. Published 2017 Jul 10.

Ritz B, Yu F, Chapa G, Fruin S, Shaw G, Harris J Ambient Air Pollution and Birth Defects. Am J Epidemiol 2002; 155: 17-25.

Ritz B, Yu F, Chapa G, Fruin S Effect of Air Pollution on Preterm Birth Among Children Born in Southern California Between 1989 and 1993. Epidemiology 2000; 11: 502-11.

Ritz “The Effect of Ambient Carbon Monoxide on Low Birth Weight among Children Born in Southern California between 1989 and 1993.” Env HealthPerspect 107(1):17-25

Sapkota A, Chelikowski A, Nachman K, Ritz B. Exposure to Particulate Matter and Adverse Birth Outcomes: A Comprehensive Review and Meta Analysis. Air Quality, Atmosphere and Health; 2012, Vol 5, Issue 4; 369-381

Shandas V et a. Integrating High-Resolution Datasets to Target Mitigation Efforts for Improving Air Quality and Public Health in Urban Neighborhoods. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2016;13(8):790. Published 2016 Aug 5.

Tessum et al. Inequity in consumption of goods and services adds to racial–ethnic disparities in air pollution exposure. PNAS 2019 (116):6001-6006.

Tschofen et al. “Fine particulate matter damages and value added in the US economy.” PNAS. October 2019.

Wang M, Aaron CP, Madrigano J, et al. Association Between Long-term Exposure to Ambient Air Pollution and Change in Quantitatively Assessed Emphysema and Lung Function. JAMA. 2019;322(6):546–556

Wilhelm M, Ritz B Residential Proximity to Traffic and Adverse Birth Outcomes in Los Angeles County, California, 1994-1996. Environmental Health Perspectives 2003; 111(2): 207-16.

Wing et al. “Preterm Birth among Infants Exposed to in Utero Ultrafine Particles from Aircraft Emissions” Environmental Health Perspectives. April 2020.

Air Cleaners

References:

Collins and Farmer. Unintended Consequences of Air Cleaning Chemistry. Environmental Science & Technology 2021 55 (18), 12172-12179

Dong et al. Different cardiorespiratory effects of indoor air pollution intervention with ionization air purifier: findings from a randomized, double-blind crossover study among school children in Beijing. Environ. Pollut., 254 (2019), p. 113054

Liu et al. Negative ions offset cardiorespiratory benefits of PM 2.5 reduction from residential use of negative ion air purifiers. Indoor Air ina (2020), Article 12728

Martinez K, Thorne P: Biological Agents – Control in the Occupational Environment. In: Modern Industrial Hygiene, Volume 4, Perkins J, ed. American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Cincinnati, Ohio, pages 329-381, 2003.

Morrow et al. Critical Capability Needs for Reduction of Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 Indoors, Front Bioeng Biotechnol, 29 September 2021

Paulin LM, Diette GB, Scott M, McCormack MC, Matsui EC, Curtin-Brosnan J, Williams DL, Kidd-Taylor A, Shea M, Breysse PN, Hansel NN. Home interventions are effective at decreasing indoor nitrogen dioxide concentrations. Indoor Air. 2014 Aug;24(4):416-24.

Zeng et al. Evaluating a commercially available in-duct bipolar ionization device for pollutant removal and potential byproduct formation. Building and Environment. Volume 195, 2021

Lay Press:

Weber and Hewitt. “As Schools Spend Millions on Air Purifiers, Experts Warn of Overblown Claims and Harm to Children.” Kaiser Health News. May 2021.

Przybyla, Heidi. “Federal officials seek better rules about schools’ indoor air quality.” NBC Business News. May 2021.

Science Friday Segment on Schools and Air Cleaners

Teargas

Dagli et al. 2014. Respiratory effects of tear gas exposure on innocent by‐standers. Accessed May 20, 2016.

Joseph J. Hout, MS USA, Duvel W. White, MS USA, Anthony R. Artino, MSC USN, Joseph J. Knapik, ScD, o-Chlorobenzylidene Malononitrile (CS Riot Control Agent) Associated Acute Respiratory Illnesses in a U.S. Army Basic Combat Training Cohort, Military Medicine, Volume 179, Issue 7, July 2014, Pages 793–798 [Military study]

Rothenberg C, Achanta S, Svendsen ER, Jordt SE. Tear gas: an epidemiological and mechanistic reassessment. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2016;1378(1):96‐107. doi:10.1111/nyas.13141 [Reassessment of tear gas]

Zekri, A.M. , King W.W., Yeung R., et al 1995. Acute mass burns caused by o‐chlorobenzylidene malononitrile (CS) tear gas. Burns 21: 586–589. [Burn injury from tear gas]

Person dying of pepper spray-

Teargass and toddler story–

Seattle times public health concern– photo source

Seattle police further info-

Climate Change and Fires

BBC news. “Pollen clouds shroud parts of US south-east as allergies spike” April 2019- source of pollen cloud image

Ebie et al. SERIES|HEAT AND HEALTH| VOLUME 398, ISSUE 10301, P698-708, AUGUST 21, 2021

Fan et al. “The health impacts and economic value of wildland fire episodes in the U.S.: 2008–2012” Sci Tot Env. Jan 2018.

Global Heat Health Information Network

Henderson SB, McLean KE, Lee MJ, Kosatsky T. Analysis of community deaths during the catastrophic 2021 heat dome: Early evidence to inform the public health response during subsequent events in greater Vancouver, Canada. Environ Epidemiol. 2022 Jan 19;6(1):e189.

Jay, Ollie. “Ollie Jay: Managing Heat, Improving Health.” The Lancet, Vol. 398, No. 10301

Joint Fire Science Program– 2017 evaluation by USDA Forest Service and Occupational Medicine researchers of particular wildland fire smoke risks and characterization of chemicals in smoke, health effects and risks to general population and firefighters, and suggestions for future research directions.

Jones et al. “Out of Hospital Cardiac Arrests and Wildfire-Related Particulate Matter During 2015-2017 California Wildfires.” JAHA 2020

Korey Stringer Institute

Lancet- Series on Heat and Health.

Landguth et al. “The delayed effect of wildfire season particulate matter on subsequent influenza season in a mountain west region of the USA.” Environment International. Vol 139. June 2020.

Malik, Arunima, et al. “The Potential for Indoor Fans to Change Air Conditioning Use While Maintaining Human Thermal Comfort During Hot Weather: An Analysis of Energy Demand and Associated Greenhouse Gas Emissions.” The Lancet Planetary Health, vol. 6, no. 4, 2022, pp. e301-e309.

Oregon Health Authority- “Asthma Among Oregon Health Plan Members”

Oregon Health Authority- “Oregon Asthma Leadership Plan”

Orr A et al. Sustained Effects on Lung Function in Community Members Following Exposure to Hazardous PM2.5 Levels from Wildfire Smoke. Toxics. 2020;8(3):53. Published 2020 Aug 5.

Popovich and Choi-Shagrin. “Hidden Toll of the Northwest Heat Wave: Hundreds of Extra Deaths.” New York Times. August 11, 2021.

Schramm et al. “Heat-Related Emergency Department Visits During the Northwestern Heat Wave — United States, June 2021.” MMWR. July 23, 2021.

Weinberger, Kate R.a,,b,*; Harris, Danielc; Spangler, Keith R.b,,d; Zanobetti, Antonellae; Wellenius, Gregory A.b,,d. Estimating the number of excess deaths attributable to heat in 297 United States counties. Environmental Epidemiology 4(3):p e096, June 2020.

Ziska et al. Recent warming by latitude associated with increased length of ragweed pollen season in central North America. Proc Natl Acad Sci. March 8, 2011 108 (10) 4248-4251.

USDA Summary of Ziska study

Indoor Air

GAS APPLIANCES

Belanger K, Gent JF, Triche EW, Bracken MB, Leaderer BP. Association of indoor nitrogen dioxide exposure with respiratory symptoms in children with asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2006;173(3):297-303.

Hansel NN, Breysse PN, McCormack MC, Matsui EC, Curtin-Brosnan J, Williams DL, Moore JL, Cuhran JL, Diette GB. A longitudinal study of indoor nitrogen dioxide levels and respiratory symptoms in inner-city children with asthma. Environ Health Perspect. 2008 Oct;116(10):1428-32. doi: 10.1289/ehp.11349. Epub 2008 Jul 23.

Hansel NN, McCormack MC, Belli AJ, Matsui EC, Peng RD, Aloe C, Paulin L, Williams DL, Diette GB, Breysse PN. In-home air pollution is linked to respiratory morbidity in former smokers with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2013 May 15;187(10):1085-90.

Lebel et al. Methane and NOx Emissions from Natural Gas Stoves, Cooktops, and Ovens in Residential Homes. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2022, 56, 4, 2529–2539. Jan 2022.

Paulin LM, Williams D’L, Peng R, Diette GB, McCormack MC, Breysse P, Hansel NN. 24-h Nitrogen dioxide concentration is associated with cooking behaviors and an increase in rescue medication use in children with asthma. Environ Res. 2017 Nov;159:118-123.

RADON

A citizen’s guide to radon – From the EPA, also includes numbers for radon hotlines in both Spanish and English as well as data for images above

American Lung Association Radon site– Also includes information on obtaining test kits in the state of Oregon from ALA Oregon.

EPA Radon– Main EPA website regarding radon

EPA Radon Zones– source of radon zone map

Northwest Radon Coalition-

SOS Radon site- Partnership with University of Kansas and the Environmental Protection Agency, with general information on the costs of mitigating radon, can also order short and long-term test kits for $15 to $25. Also has information in Spanish, including hotline numbers.

For Health Care Professionals- Breathing Easier–

Darby S., D. Hill, A. Auvinen, J. M. Barros-Dios, H. Baysson, F.Bochicchio, et al. 2005. “Radon in Homes and Risk of Lung Cancer: Collaborative Analysis of Individual Data From 13 European Case-Control Studies.” British Medical Journal 330: 223– 227. 16.

EPA Radon in Schools

Field RW et al. An overview of the North American residential radon and lung cancer case-control studies. J Toxicol Environ Health A. 2006 Apr;69(7):599-631.

Krewski D, Lubin JH, Zielinski JM, Alavanja M, Catalan VS, Field RW, Klotz JB, Létourneau EG, Lynch CF, Lyon JL, Sandler DP, Schoenberg JB, Steck DJ, Stolwijk JA, Weinberg C, Wilcox HB. A combined analysis of North American case-control studies of residential radon and lung cancer. J Toxicol Environ Health A. 2006 Apr;69(7):533-97. doi: 10.1080/15287390500260945. PMID: 16608828.

Krewski et al. Residential Radon and Risk of Lung Cancer: A Combined Analysis of 7 North American Case-Control Studies, Epidemiology: March 2005 – Volume 16 – Issue 2 – p 137-145